Filmati Gratis Mario Salieri

The initial contribution of the founders of sociology as a science, Comte, Marx, Spencer and Tocqueville, received contributions from other sociologists that the systematized and consolidated as a science.
Emile Durkheim (1857-1917) defined the social fact as "any way to make fixed or not, likely to exert on the individual a foreign imposition." The foreign tax implies an independent existence independent of the individual, from which it coerces as "collective consciousness" to produce socially acceptable behavior. But this externality has an objective reality that can be known scientifically as such by certain rules to be followed in the observation and explanation of social facts: consider social facts as things, dismiss the concerns systematically, taking as a research subject groups of phenomena previously defined by common external features ordered according to the angle where they occur in isolation from the individual manifestations.
E. Contributions Durkheim systematized to sociology in a way that its influence remains valid, even though many sociologists do not fully share. Among them Max Weber (1864-1920), who expands the vision of social reality according to the action implied therein, which contains a needed dose of subjectivity that is among the subjects who performed social action. For such action is a social fact, internally must be present subjects, the perception and understanding of the behavior of those involved in social action. According
E. Durkheim the social fact is generated from outside, from outside, collective consciousness, while according to W. Weber is generated from within, from inside, interrelation of subjects.
The subjectivity of the inter-proclaimed by Max Weber does not eliminate the objectivity of scientific knowledge described by Emile Durkheim. It's about understanding the meaning implicit in the relationship, which ultimately is made by people, subjects which carry out the action, ie, Weber goes beyond the point to where it is Durkheim. The contribution of the founders and systematizers led to different orientations, influenced by natural and social sciences. Evolutionary organicism originated biological, physical, historicism and psychologism. Further, according to the meaning of sociology and society, originated concepts such as empirical-quantitative comprehensive, Marxist, structuralist, functionalist, critical and pluralistic, but sociologist currently merging with each other to achieve a broader understanding of social reality.